™

address: 148 N 100 E Smithfield UT 84335 phone: 435.563.8118 web: www.z-oliteinc.com

 

DESCRIPTION

• Mineral:Consists of a volcanic mineral called "clinoptilolite".
• Size: 14 x 40, 40 x 100,-100, -40 mesh
• GRAS:Classified as "GRAS" (generally regarded as safe) under21 CFR Part 182.2729, 40 CFR Part 180.1001
• CEC:Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 160 to 180 meg/100 gram (as ammonia, N)
• Color:Pale green when dry, dark green when wet
• Moisture:Holds up to 55% of its weight in water
• Surface Area:High surface area, 24.9 square meters/gram
• Weight:55 pounds per cubic foot
• Potassium:Contains 3.47%
• Calcium:Contains 1.6%
• Sodium:<0.5% (none water soluble)
• Hydrophilic:

BEDDING AREA: A thin layer should be applied to the bedding area or to the area that receives the manure each time it is cleaned out.

COMPOST OR DRY STACKED MANURE: The compost or dry stacked manure should be "top dressed" with a thin layer of Z-Olite after it is turned or after the addition of a new layer of manure is added. Alternatively, a layer of Z-Olite should be placed in the area of the barn receiving the fresh manure. Composting is an important process that:

1. converts organically bound nitrogen that is not plant accessible to ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, and ammonia that are plant accessible,
2. kills the pathogens,
3. reduces or eliminates the odor,
4. dries the manure,
5. reduces the flies, and
6. kills weed seeds.

According to Lobo (1999, Feed Management, V.50, No.8, p.16-17) in 1998 layers and broilers consumed 44 million tons of feed in the United States.

BENEFITS

• REDUCES DIARRHEA
• MYCO-TOXIN BINDER

Zeolites are recognized as effective myco-toxin binders in many countries but not in the United States.

• INCREASES SOLUBILITY OF PHOSPHATE IN BIRDS

The zeolite exchanges the calcium from dicalcium phosphate and makes the phosphate more soluble and better utilized by the bird for bones. The dicalcium phosphate in the feed may be reduced by 50% after testing.

• INCREASED NUMBER OF GRADEABLE EGGS
• REDUCES FOOT PAD BURNS FROM PHOSPHOROUS
• LOWERS MORTALITY
• INCREASES FOOD EFFECIENCY VALUES/LOWER FEED CONVERSION RATES
• INCREASED SHELL THICKENESS
• LESSER OR NO ANTIBIOTICS
• INCREASED PELLET DURABILITY FOR FEEDS
• FLOW AGENT/ANTI CAKING AGENT
• INCREASED PRODUCTION FROM HEALTHIER BIRDS
• INCREASED NITROGEN CONTENT OF MANURE AND COMPOST

Z-Olite increases and fixes the nitrogen in the manure and compost so that it is plant accessible but not water-soluble. It stops the gassing of the nitrogen as ammonia. Good chicken compost should sell for $75.00 to $90.00 per ton. Many of the areas that have been repeatedly fertilized with chicken manure now have phosphate problems. This is a result of not enough nitrogen to balance the plant uptake of the phosphorous. The problem can be solved by increasing the nitrogen, by the addition of phytase to the feed, and by feeding Z-Olite to solublize the phosphate in the bird.

• Z-Olite ADDS VALUE TO MANURE AND COMPOST

The introduction of Z-Olite with the manure or compost to the soil has the benefit of increasing water retention, holding the nitrogen and other nutrients in the growth zone, provides a medium for the future capture of nitrogen, increases the ion exchange capacity of the soil, provides potassium and calcium, and enhances infiltration and aeration of the soil. Z-Olite is a value added soil amendment that should be advertised as such.

• ODOR CONTROL

Reduces the ammonia gas and odor in the coop and manure storage and compost areas.
See the new study regarding ammonia emmisions and control.

• FLY CONTROL

Reduced ammonia gas and increased moisture absorption helps control flies.

• INCREASED ANIMAL WELFARE

Greater animal health creates better animal welfare, better products, greater production, and less usage of antibiotics and medicines that may have lasting adverse effects to the human population.

• GROUNDWATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Fixing the nitrogen and various heavy metals reduces the pollution of the groundwater with nitrates and nitrites.

• RECYCLE EGG WASH WATER

Egg wash water can be recycled after filtration through a bed of zeolite granules to remove suspended solids and bacteria (e.g. E. Coli, etc.).

 

AMMONIA LEVELS Taken from Saskatchewan Poultry Pointers September 1990

Ammonia Level	Effect on Poultry and Humans
10 PPM	Respiratory tract of turkeys will receive some damage and interfere with the bird’s ability to clear bacteria from their lungs This level is barely detectable by human sense of smell
25 PPM	Damage to lungs and air sacs is noticeable in 48 hours Bacteria and viruses causing fowl cholera, infectious bronchitis and colisepticema can more easily invade the lungs and airsacs Maximum level of exposure allowed for a 10 minute exposure by OSHA
50 PPM	Significant lung and airsac damage in as little as 1-2 weeks Egg numbers will decline in a month or less in ten weeks The sexual maturity of pullets will be delayed and egg numbers will be reduced once egg production begins Extremely dangerous to animals and humans, increased possibility of permanent damage to respiratory tracts of humans and animals
100 PPM	Feed intake and body weight will decline significantly over the course of a month Decreased shell thickness and size Extreme irritation to mucus membranes in animals and humans Dangerously close to lethal levels

 

TESTING : Chapter VIII; Using Zeolites in Agriculture Frederick A. Mumpton, Department of the Earth Sciences, State University College, Brockport, NY 14420

Using clinoptilolite from the Itaya r-mine, Yamagata Prefecture, and mondenite from Karawago, Miyagi Prefecture, Onagi (67) found that Leghorn chickens required less food and water and still gained as much weight in a 2-week trial as birds receiving a control diet. Feed efficiency values (FEV)l were markedly higher at all levels of zeolite substitution; feedstuffs containing 10 percent zeolite gave rise to efficiencies more than 20 percent greater than those of normal rations (table 1).

Adverse effects on the health or vitality of the birds were not noted, and the droppings of groups receiving zeolite diets contained up to 25 percent less moisture than those of control groups, after a 1 Weight gain/feed intake, excluding zeolite, 12-day drying period, making them considerably easier to handle.

Broiler chickens fed a diet of 5 percent clinoptilite from the Hector, CA, deposit gained slightly less weight over a 2-month period than birds receiving a normal diet, but average FEVS were noticeably higher (table 5) (6). Perhaps of greater significance is the fact that none of the 48 test birds on the zeolite diet died during the experiment, while 3 on the control diet and 2 on the control diet supplemented with antibiotics succumbed.

In addition to an apparent feed-efficiency increase of 4 to 5 percent, the presence of zeolite in the diet appears to have had a favorable effect on the mortality of the birds.

Hayhurst and Willard (27) confirmed many of Onagi’s observations and reported small increases in FEV for Leghorn roosters over a 40-day period, especially during the first 10 days. The birds were fed a diet containing 7.5 percent clinoptilolite crushed and mixed directly with the normal rations. Feces were noticeably dryer and less odoriferous. Unfortunately, only 17 birds were used in the study and extensive statistical evaluation of the results could not be made.

(a) Onagi (1966) Tests carried out on 48-day-old Leghorns over a 14-day period, 30 birds/group. Normal rations consisted of 16.5 Percent crude Protein and 66 Percent digestible nutrients
(b) Excluding zeolite.
(c) Feed efficiency - weight gain/feed intake (excluding zeolite).
(d) Cp = clinoptilolite, Mo - mordenite.

(a) Adapted from data of Arscott (1975)
(b) Feed consumed, excluding zeolite
(c) Feed efficiency value = weight/feed consumed (excluding zeolite)
(d) Starter rations (O to 4 weeks)
(e) 55 ppm Zinc bacitracin
(f) Finisher rations (4 to 9 weeks)

References

67.Onagi, T., "Evaluation of Treatment of Chicken Droppings With Zeolite-Tuff Powder," Rept. Yamagata Stock Raising Inst., 11-22, 1965, Onagi, T., "Treating Experiments of Chicken"

27.Hayhurst, D. T,, and Willard, J. M,, "Effects of Feeding Clinoptilolite to Roosters," in Proc. 5th Internatl. Conf. Zeolites, Naples, Italy, 1980, L. V, C. Rees (cd,), 805-812, 1980,

CAGED LAYER WASHDOWN MANURE GENERATION, HANDLING, AND PLANT NUTRIENT VALUE

As currently defined for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations concerning Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s), caged layers with wet (wash down) manure handling have a different classification than caged layers with dry manure handling as shown in Table 1.

Table 3. Comparison of EPA and USDA Definition of Number of Animals in 1,000 Animal Units.

(from EPA Cost Methodology Report for Swine and Poultry sectors, 2001)

Animal Type	Animal Unit (EPA definition)	Animal Unit (USDA definition)
Beef cow	1,000	1,000
Dairy cow	750	740
Swine	2,500	9,090
Layer (wet manure)	30,000	250,000
Layer (dry manure)	100,000	250,000
Broiler	100,000	455,000
Turkey	55,000	67,000

According to EPA, there are an equal number of wet and dry caged layer facilities with > 1,000 Animal Units in the U.S. Most of the wash down manure caged layer operations are in areas of the south where freezing (<28^oF) occurs infrequently.

Assumed Food consumption and Manure Production

• Caged layers daily consume 2,000-2,600 lbs of feed per day per 100,000 head and daily produce 2,000-3,400 lbs of fresh manure (moisture @ 70-80%).
• Total nitrogen content of fresh manure averages 1.5-2.0 % (@50-70 % moisture), but initial ammonium concentrations are only about 0.57-0.77 %; the remainder is organic-bound N.
• Therefore 1 million hens will produce 10-17 tons of fresh manure (@ 70-80 % moisture) daily.

Wash down Manure Handling and Properties

• Liquid slurry (in ponds or lagoons), after 6-12 months storage typically contains 62 lbs of total N, 42 lbs of which is ammonium per 1,000 gallons. At a value of about $0.35/lb of N, each 1,000 gallons has a nitrogen nutrient value of $22. If injected into soil as liquid, it has about 80% N availability to plants the first year.
• Associated anaerobic lagoon sludge typically contains 26 lbs of total N, and 8 lbs of this is ammonium N per 1,000 gallon. The value of N in this sludge is about $9 per 1,000 gallons. If injected as liquid, it has about 60 % plant availability in the first year.
• Anaerobic lagoon liquid typically contains 179 lbs of total N (154 lbs of this is ammonium) per acre-inch (of liquid in the lagoon). When injected in the soil as liquid it has 90 % plant availability.
• Many operations will be required to have covers on the lagoons to minimize heat and associated loss of ammonia (gas).
• Addition of zeolite to the fresh manure in small amounts would provide the best chance for capture of ammonium because fresh material has the highest ammonium N concentration. After washing down, the ammonium concentrations in the liquid is very diluted.

Adding Z-Olite zeolite to the Feed

Addition of zeolite to the feed @ 1 % for 1 million birds amounts to 2,000-2,600 lbs/day or 365-475 short tons/year.

The rate of addition of zeolite to the fresh manure is uncertain in the absence of testing different application rates. However, if 1 million hens produce 10-17 tons of fresh manure which has 75% moisture, then the total moisture is 7.5-12.75 tons. The addition of the zeolite to fresh manure will significantly reduce odor and reduce nitrogen losses to the atmosphere.

Anonymous, Nutrient composition and sampling procedure: p. 1-10.
http://ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/publications/soilfacts/AG-439-05/body.htm

Camberato, J., Lippert, B., Chastain, J., Plank, O., 1996, Land application of animal manure: p. 1-12.
http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/manure.html

Congressional Research Service, National Council for Science and the Environment, 1998, Animal Waste II: 98-451, P. 1-9.
http://www.cnie.org/nle/ag-48a.html

Office of Wastewater Management, Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, Guidance manual and sample NPDES permit for Concentrated Animal Feeding operations: p.1-117.

Office of Water, Environmental Protection Agency, 2001, Cost Methodology Report for Swine and Poultry Sectors: EPA-821-R-01-018, p. 1-221.

Poultry Waste Management, 1998, Environmental Impacts of Poultry Waste: Poultry Water Quality Consortium, Chattanooga, Tennessee, p. 1-41.

POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR COMPLIANCE WITH PROPOSED CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS (CAFO) REGULATIONS IN RELATION TO CAGED LAYER FARMS USING STACKED MANURE METHOD

Proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations concerning Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s) will force several changes in all large animal/poultry farms in the United States within the next few years. Several states have already passed statutes concerning regulation of CAFO’s. The present abbreviated report was prepared to formulate methodologies or approaches to achieve compliance with the proposed regulations in the most cost-effective manner without significant interruption of current operations for caged layers used in egg production. A major part of the proposal relates to integrated use of natural clinoptilolite (a mineral of the zeolite group) for improving poultry health, reducing ammonia emissions from manure, retaining nitrogen in poultry manure, and thereby producing a poultry manure product that is valuable as fertilizer and soil conditioner. The CAFO regulations include handling and treatment of water used in egg-washing.

This proposal will include a section on the properties of the clinoptilolite referred throughout as zeolite. A zeolite sold by Z-Olite is recommended for uses here because of the high degree of suitability of this product for agronomic and animal feed uses. We also provide information on other commercially available natural zeolites (clinoptilolites) for comparison of chemical and physical properties.

OBJECTIVES, APPLICATIONS, AND LOGIC

• Improving caged layer health and productivity by addition of small amounts of zeolite to the feed for zeolite adsorption of ammonium nitrogen in the alimentary tract and also to enhance feces solidification due to liquid contained in zeolite pore space. In addition, clinoptilolite is a chemisorbent which has the ability to tightly bind and immobilize aflatoxins and thus reduce their bioavailability.
• Reduce ammonia gas (NH₃) generation in caged layer residence and manure storage facility by capturing ammonium (NH₄) by ion exchange into zeolite. This is accomplished by adding a small amount (e.g. 1 wt. %) of zeolite to the layer feed, and adding a small amount (to be determined) of zeolite to fresh manure. Capture of ammonium by zeolite addition to feed occurs in the gut and some ammonium present in the feces is exchanged into zeolite added to the fresh fecal material. The exchange of ammonium into the zeolite protects it from nitrogen (N) loss by alteration to ammonia gas or other gaseous nitrogen forms.
• Reduction of ammonia generation from fecal material will reduce noxious odors and thereby minimize attention of flies and reduce atmospheric generation of particulate matter (PM₁₀)10-micron-sized particulate nitrogen-bearing salts that interfere with respiration of humans, poultry, and animals. Ammonia emissions from litter have been found to be a source of ammonia pollution in acid rain in Europe.
• Isolate and age manure in anaerobic conditions using silo bag containers to enhance heat generation in order to destroy potentially toxic pathogens, minimize N loss to atmosphere, eliminate rainfall transport of nutrients and pollutants to the watershed, and remove odor exposure to the local environment. This isolation might be used to precede composting, either on-site or off-site, depending upon whether or not it is desirable to emit strong odors on-site.
• If composting is desired, aerobic (oxygen-using) conditions are necessary to support and enhance microbial activity; this requires blowers or fans, or turning the compost with a front-end loader or a commercially available compost turner. Temperatures in the compost must be maintained at levels above approximately 130^oF (but lower than 150-160^oF) in order to kill any pathogens. This composting will expose the manure to the atmosphere and allow odors and ammonia gas to be emitted locally.
• Ion exchange of ammonium from the fecal material displaces potassium and calcium from the zeolite and these plant-essential elements will be available as nutrients in the manure.
• Introduction of zeolite-plus-manure to the soil will have the beneficial effects of enhancing water retention, increasing ion-exchange capacity of the soil, providing a medium for future capture of ammonium nitrogen, and increasing aeration properties of the soil due to the high internal surface area of the zeolite.
• Egg-washing water can be recycled after filtration in a zeolite bed to remove suspended solids and to trap bacteria (e.g. ecoli, etc.) in the zeolite pores.
• Phytase added to the food would improve phosphorous utilization, and thereby minimize phosphorous pollution in the fertilizer application.

TYPICAL CAGED LAYER FOOD CONSUMPTION AND MANURE PRODUCTION

• Caged layers daily consume 2,000-2,600 pounds of food per day per 100,000 head and daily produce 2,000-3,400 pounds of fresh manure (moisture @ 70-80 %).
• Total nitrogen content of fresh manure is 1.5-2.0 % (moisture @ 50-70 %), but ammonium concentrations are only about 0.57-0.77 %. [The remainder of nitrogen is in organic nitrogen compounds where nitrogen in unavailable for plant nutrition until the nitrogen is converted to either ammonia, ammonium, nitrate, or nitrite.]
• Therefore 3.5 million hens will produce 35-59.5 tons of fresh manure (moisture@ 70-80 %) daily.

RATIONALE FOR USING CLINOPTILOLITE ZEOLITE FOR CAGED LAYER APPLICATIONS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, POULTRY HEALTH, AND AGRONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF MANURE FOR FERTILIZER AND SOIL AMENDMENT

For agricultural/agronomic end-use as fertilizer and/or soil conditioner, after use as feed additive for poultry/animals and addition to raw manure to retain ammonium, the zeolite must have the certain chemical and physical properties. Some of the chemical and physical properties of commercially available clinoptilolite zeolite in the western United States are listed in Table 1. This list may not include all of the commercially available clinoptilolites in the western U.S. but it does include major producers and those available listings on the Internet.

Z-Olite has several properties that make it most suitable for both feed additive and fertilizer/soil amendment use as follows:

1. The Z-Olite zeolite has at least 25% more ammonium exchange capacity than any other clinoptilolite (using AN20 agriculture solutions) that is commercially produced in the United States.
2. Pore space measured quantitatively, is about 25 m²/gram for Z-Olite, as compared with the zeolite produced by St. Cloud Mining which has about 14 m²/gram (Table 1). Although the zeolite produced by Zeotech, Inc. has a very much higher surface area (Table 1), the surface area is due to the large surface area of the "clay" or "mica" in that product; it is not due to internal surface area. Pore space is the non-chemical void space which allows for aeration and water occupancy in this void space or porosity/permeability to fluids and gases.
3. The Zeotech, Inc. product contains an X-ray diffraction detectable amount of calcite which if used in the agricultural application of manure fertilizer will promote conversion of ammonium to ammonia gas due to elevation of manure solution pH above about 6.0-7.5.
4. Although salinity and sodicity (Na) have not been emphasized by marketers of clinoptilolite in agricultural/agronomic/horticulture applications, this aspect is very important to field applications because of the toxicity of both salinity and sodicity to plants. If manure amended by clinoptilolite zeolite has significant amounts of sodium added to the fertilizer product due to exchange of ammonium that displaces sodium in the clinoptilolite, the plants may be adversely affected by excess sodium that is toxic to plants and inhibits germination.

Clinoptilolite-rich rocks with more than about 1 weight percent sodium (Na) may have adverse affects on plant growth if the Na is ion-exchangeable.

Table 4. Composition of some North American clinoptilolites for commercial sale by producers or marketers. n.r. = not reported, The EcoSand, Zeo,Inc. product is from the St. Cloud Mining property.

NUTRIENT VALUE OF MANURE FOR FERTILIZER

For caged layers the average concentrations of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O in fresh manure @ 60% moisture are:

N = 1.8 %

P₂O₅ = 2.0

K₂O = 1.0

At 50 % loss of N prior to field application and values per pound @ N = $0.35, P₂O₅ = $0.23, and K₂O = $0.15, the value of the poultry manure contribution nutrients @ 30% moisture after dry stacking is:

N = $ 12.60

P₂O₅ = 18.40

K₂O = 6.00

Total =$37.00 per ton + 25%

This value of the plant nutrients does not include the value of the K in the clinoptilolite.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Anonymous, Poultry manure management and utilization problems and opportunities: Ohio state university Extension Bulletin 804, p.1-5.
http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/>~ohioline/b804/804_7.html

Anonymous, 1996, Land application of animal manure:
http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/manure.html

Allen, E.R., and Ming, D.W., 1995, Recent progress in the use of natural zeolites in agronomy and horticulture, in Ming, D.W., and Mumpton, F.A., eds. Natural Zeolites ’93: Occurrence, Properties, Use, June 20-28, 1993, Boise, Idaho, International Committee on Natural Zeolites, Brockport, new Your, p. 477-490.

Allen, E.R., Hossner, L.R., Ming, D.W., and Henninger, D.L., 1996, Release rates of phosphorous, ammonium, and potassium in clinoptilolite-phosphate rock systems: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 5, p. 1467-1472.

Amon, M., Dobeic, M., Sneath, R.W., Phillips, V.R.,Misselbrook, T.H., and Pain, B.F., 1997, A farm-scale study on the use of clinoptilolite zeolite and De-Odorase for reducing odor and ammonia emissions from broiler houses: Bioresource Technology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 229-237.

Cerjan-Stefanovia, S., and Curkovic, L., 1997, Selectivity of natural zeolites for tosic ions, in Kirov, G., Filizova, L., and Petrov, Ol,m eds. Natural Zeolites—’95: Proceedings of the Sofia Zeolite Meeting ’95: Bulgaria, Pensoft Publishers, p. 121-126.

Cintoli, R., Di Sabatino, B., Galeotti, L., and Bruno, G., 1995, Ammonium uptake by zeolite and treatment in USAB reactor of piggery wastewater: Water Science and Technology, v. 32, no. 12, (Waste Management Problems in Agro-Industries 1995) p. 73-81.

Dakovic, A., Tomasevic-Canovic, M., Dondur, V., Radosevic, P., and Dumic, M., 1998, The kinetics of aflatoxin B₁ adsorption on Ca-clinoptilolite, in Ribnikar, S., ed. 4^th International conference on the Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Physical Chemistry: Belgrade, Yugoslovia, Society of Physical Chemists of Serbia, p. 198-200.

Desborough, G.A., and Crock, J.G., 1996, Nitrogen-loading capacities of some clinoptilolite-rich rocks: U.S. Geololgical Survey Open-File Report 96-661, p. 1-17.

Desborough, G.A., 1996, Clinoptilolite-rich rocks in agricultural use for soil amendment and potential nitrogen-pollution mitigation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-065.

Desborough, G.A., 1996, Some chemical and physical properties of clinoptilolite-rich rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-265, p. 1-7.

Dwyer, M.R., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Mayura, K., Sarr, A.B., Buckley, S., Bailey, R.H., and Phillips, T.D., 1997, Effects of inorganic adsorbents andcyclopiazonic acid in broiler chickens: Poultry Science, v. 76, p. 1141-1149.

Gilbert, J.S., O’Meara, P.M., Crock, J.G., Wildeman, T.R., and Desborough, G.A., 1999, Adsorption capabilities of selected clinoptilolite-rich rocks as it relates to mine drainage remediation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-17, p. 1-50.

Hervey, R.B., Kubena, L.F., Ellissalde, M.H., and Phillips, T.D., 1993, Effacy of zeoitic ore compounds on the toxicity of aflatoxin to growing broiler chickens: Avian Diseases, v. 37, p. 67-73.

Huang, Z.T., and Petrovic, A.M., 1994, Clinoptilolite zeolite influence on nitrate leaching and nitrogen use efficiency in simulated sand based golf greens: Journal of Environmental Quality v. 23, no. 6, p. 1190-1194.

Lon-Wo, E., Zaldivar, V., and Margolles, E., 1993, Effect of natural zeolites on poultry feeding with different nutritional levels of high mycotoxin contamination: Cuban journal of Agricultural Science, v. 27, no. 2, p. 199-204.

Mahimairaja, S., Bolan, N.S., hedley, m.J., and Macgregor, A.N., 1994, Losses and transformation of nitrogen during composting of poultry manure with different amendments: An incubation experiment: Bioresource Technology, v. 47, no. 3, p. 265-273.

Mitchell, C.C., and Donald, J.O., 1995, The value and use of poultry manure as fertilizer: Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Circular ANR-244, p. 1-6.
http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/Aub+244.html

Nguyer, M.L., and Tanner, C.C., 1998, Ammonium removal from wastewaters using natural New Zealand zeolites: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 41, p. 427-446.

Pond, W.G., 1995, Zeolites in animal nutrition and health: A review, in Ming, D.W., and Mumpron, F.A., eds., Natural Zeolites ’93: Occurrence, Properties, Use, June 20-28, 1993, Boise, Idaho, International Committee on Natural Zeolites, Brockport, New York p. 449-457.

Preston, K.T., and Alleman, J.E., Co-immobilization of nitrifying bacteria and clinoptilolite for enhanced control of nitrification: Proceedings of the 48^th Industrial Waste Conference, p. 407-412.

Ramos, A.J., and Hernandez, E., 1997, Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals by means of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate addition to feedstuffs: A review: Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 65, p. 197-206.

Saad, N., Aflatoxins: Occurrence and Health Risks, 10 p.
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/aflatoxin/aflatoxin.html

Tomasevia-Canovic, M., Dumic, M., Vukicevic, O., Masic, Z., Zurovac-Kuzman, O., and Dakovic, A., 1997, Adsorption of mycotoxins on modified clinoptilolite, in Kirov, G., Filizova, :l., and Petrov, O., eds., Natural Zeolites—’95: Proceedings of the Sofia Zeolite Meeting ’95: Sofia, Bulgaria, Pensoft Publishers, p. 127-132.

 


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Updated: Friday, 16-Jun-2006 22:19:07 MDT